How Loyalty and Betrayal Affect The Tempest - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1061 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Tempest Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Lies and deception can make for the worst situations and only cause pain and agony for those involved, but it makes for a great story. For example in the book The Tempest, the whole plot can be thanked for the dishonesty and betrayal between the characters. Even in the subplot lying and betrayal seem to be the main theme. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Loyalty and Betrayal Affect The Tempest" essay for you Create order The themes of betrayal and loyalty go back and forth in The Tempest, Antonio betrays his own brother Prospero and steals his role as king, Prospero lies to his slaves about their freedom, and loyalty saves the lives of two characters, and a country. The whole story is based on lies, with the underlying help of loyalty. Prospero who is the king of Milan, steps down from his position of king, handing it over to his brother Antonio. While away from the throne, Prospero is studying magic, more specifically, black magic or witchcraft. This is what I believe to be the first betrayal, and it is Prospero betraying himself and in trusting someone else with such a big role, without this the whole story wouldnt of happened. However its no surprise that his brother Antonio refuses to give back his role as king and exiles Prospero to a small island with his daughter. Later on the island that Prospero is banished to, he uses his black magic to enslave a man named Caliban whom is native to the island and rightful king, also the son of a deceased witch named Sycorax. Not only does Prospero have Caliban enslaved but another man named Aerial. Aerial is a spirit who was rescued by Prospero, formerly enslaved by Sycorax, whom Prospero originally learned black magic from. In a way Sycoraxs teachings betray him because his teachings captured his son Caliban for Prospero to enslave. Not as obvious as the sneaking and betrayal is in this story is loyalty. It is always been wondered if Prospero was not doing a good job of being king when he stepped down and handed it to his brother, Antonio, this shows Antonios loyalty to his country of Milan and how he wants it to be ran correctly. Scott Schneider of the Shmoop editorial team states a very good question about the events, How much of this betrayal is Prosperos own perspective and convenient forgetting that Antonio was doing all the hard work?(Schneider 2008). This question brings up a good point about perspective in the story, and asks another question, is Prospero being honest about his past, being unloyal to his country and betraying his duties? Loyalty is a farce in the play; everyone follows the courtly rule of swearing loyalty, but gives up on the notion as soon as it is no longer convenient(Schneider 2008). However, Prospero also showed loads of love and loyalty to his brother which almost contradicts him being a bad guy. Trusting his brother with one of the biggest jobs in the world and knowing that he would take care of it in his absence, shows more loyalty and trust than is received or given to anyone else for the rest of the story. Unfortunately for Prospero his brothers betrayal costed him years of his life. With all the betrayal going on in the story mostly affecting Prospero, he does acknowledge some help that he has received in his survival and making it to the island, Both, both, my girl. By foul play, as thou sayst, were we heaved thence, But blessedly holp hither (Shakespeare 6). As he said this he is shining light on to the situation and thanking Gonzalo,Prospero has the distance and perspective of wisdom when thinking about how they ended up on the island. Antonios treachery put them there, but the help of the natural elements, and Gonzalos loyalty, allowed them to survive and prosper(Oconnor 2009). Throughout The Tempest I believe that the theme of loyalty is something that helps the story go one without all the attention that betrayal receives. Everyone is surprised when someone does something dishonest or lies to another character for personal gain. However no one is excited about a character doing the right thing in a situation. Which makes these times all more important, and its also really important that Prospero acknowledged Gonzalo for his loyalty because it really does not occur in this story often. We must also not forget that Alonso and Prospero both ma y of been killed if it wasnt for their friends loyalty saving them before it was too late, Ariel and Gonzalo. This was a huge boost to the story as if they were killed it could of been alot worse for the people involved bring in more unnecessary drama. Betrayal really pushes characters to do drastic things and also open their minds up to the truth about their actions and how others truly are, for example when Prospero sinks the boat containing the king and his party, Ferdinand states a very famous quote narrated by Ariel from the story; Hell is empty and all the devils are here (Shakespeare 11). This quote is a great example if Ferdinand coming to his senses about what has happened to Prospero. He believes that God is punishing them for being disloyal to Prospero and they are being banished to hell for their actions. That doesnt happen however it does make the characters realise their actions and how they really affected someone. This even reveals Alonso to be apologetic and regret being disloyal to Prospero in the past, once again betrayal and loyalty working off of eachother. In The Tempest, betrayal and loyalty go hand and hand, feeding more fuel to the fire that is this crazy plot. One last quote that I feel really sums up my idea on this book is Loyalty is a farce in the play; everyone follows the courtly rule of swearing loyalty, but gives up on the notion as soon as it is no longer convenient. (Schneider 2008). The themes of betrayal and loyalty go back and forth in The Tempest, Antonio betrays his own brother Prospero and steals his role as king, Prospero lies to his slaves about their freedom, and loyalty saves the lives of two characters, and a country. The Tempest is truly a great story with many themes however betrayal and loyalty are the two most important, because they assist each other in progressing the story.

Does GRTL Help with ASD and Behavioral Issues - 1211 Words

Introduction: Yoga is one kind of exercise which relaxes our mood, body, and mind. It consists of different body movement like stretching, keeping, different posture, and as well as meditation. Within the article Efficacy of the get ready....a pretest -posttest control group design â€Å"the authors are trying to portray the effects of yoga on children with autism. I chose this article because my son also has autism problem. He is in first grade, and he gets occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech therapy in school. Furthermore, this article would be beneficial in helping me understand how to help my son. Moreover, I expect as a future certified occupational therapy assistant that I may do this kind of work. The article states that in a control experimental study, children with behavioral problems showed a reduction in their behavior, class performance, and attention problems. Also, students who participate in this program, improve their rage problem. Yoga has beneficial effects on regular people as well.. There were many researches were done in previous time about this issue. 2Like Galantine, Galbavy, and Quinn 2008; Harrison, Manchaca, and Rubbia 2004; Kenny 2002; Klatt 2009; Peck, Kehle, Bray and Theodore, 2005. These researchers found that low achieving children with behavioral problems who joined in a yoga intervention showed significant reductions in behavioral problems. Some researchers also found that yoga may exhibit a protective or preventive role among

Chronicle of a Death Foretold free essay sample

Humor, Symbolism, and other Literary Devices in Chronicle of a Death Foretold In Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the author, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, utilizes the motif of animals as symbols: pigs for ironic humor, rabbits as foreshadowing, and many other animals to aid in description, characterization, and establishment of theme. ?Marquez uses pigs as motifs the novel. He makes a big deal out of the knives that Pablo and Pedro use while describing the murder. The Vicario twins went to the bin in the pigsty where they kept their sacrificial tools and picked out the two best knives: one for quartering, ten inches long and two and a half inches wide, and the other for trimming, seven inches long and one and a half inches wide. They wrapped them in a rag and went to sharpen them at the meat market. † Marquez then goes into great detail about how they are pig knives used for killing pigs. There’s also Margot, who was a close friend of Santiago’s as well as the sister of the narrator of the story. Flora Miguel, Santiago’s fiance, played a large role in Santiago’s life for obvious reasons. Now, there’s Angelia Vicario, but I’ll get into more detail as to what role she played in his life in just a bit. Continuing, we’re introduced to Luisa Santiaga. Luisa Santiaga was Santiago’s godmother, Margot’s mother, and blood relative of Pura Vicario, Angela Vicario’s mother. Pura was also referred to as Purisima del Carmen in the novel. Last but not least, there was Maria Alejandrina Cervantes who was introduced later in the novel and even more notably as his mistress when he was 15 years old. As you can see, women had an extremely large presence in Santiago’s life throughout the novel. Throughout the story it’s obvious that most of these women knew of what was to come and had plenty of opportunities to intervene and possibly save Santiago’s life. As for as his mother, Placida Linero, she knew nothing of what was to happen to him. Unfortunately, when the time came it was the fact that she locked the door of the house to the square that sealed his fate. However, Placida was misled by her servant Divina Flor. When asked whether Santiago had made it home Divina replied stating that he had made it home. When Placida got word of what was to happen to her son it was pretty much about the time the murder was taking place. When she saw the Vicario brothers, who were going to murder Santiago, running towards her home she locked the door locking her son out of the house not knowing he was running toward the house. Because of what Divina had told her, she assumed her son was already in the house upstairs shouting out at the Vicario brothers. Its stating in the reading that both servants have a dislike for Santiago. Divina Flor had the opportunities to speak up and warn Santiago of what was going to happen to him. Instead, she kept it to herself out of her dislike for him. Despite this missed opportunity, the one women I feel had the most potential to save Santiago was Clotilde Armenta. This woman knew of the ordeal practically the entire time. She learned of the brothers intentions while they waited at her shop for Santiago to come out of his home. I feel no one took the matter serious but, this women allowed the boys to stay in her shop even with the weapons intended to murder Santiago. By letting the twins sleep and wait in her shop she basically helped them. She did reach out to others for help and just the same they didn’t take her seriously. Even when Santiago did leave his home to go see the bishop she could have warned him. Instead she spoke under her breath out of fear of what was about to happen and convinced the brothers to kill him after the bishops arrival. His fiance, Flora Miguel, chose a bad time to have an argument and to wish him ill. It was when all the confusion of everything else was weighing on him and she abandoned him. Now, Angela Vicario is the reason this all took place in the first place. These women had plenty of opportunity to save Santiago’s life. Lastly, there’s this total sense of control portrayed that Angela Vicario seemed to have held over this situation. To begin, she’s the reason her brothers Pedro and Pablo Vicario were out to kill Santiago in the first place. Angela was married to a man named Bayardo San Roman. When the two were married and finally made it home after all the festivities, the two were to consummate heir marriage. When it was discovered that Angela was not a virgin, Bayardo brought her home and no longer wanted the marriage. The brothers asked who it was who took her virginity and she claimed the perpetrator was Santiago Nasar. Now, as the story goes on, it’s questioned whether this was true or not. Through details of the story its quite clear to see that by everyone’s knowledge the two never had a relationship or any opportunity to h ave had any kind of relationship in that manner. Lots of questions arise. It’s even questioned whether she was protecting someone who loved her and she loved and said it was Santiago assuming her brother wouldn’t bother someone with money. Even till the end of the novel the narrator tries to find out and questions Angela. Even till the end it goes without saying that it’s one of those unanswered questions. If Angela was lying she could have come clean at any point and saved Santiago’s life. Angela was the women who held the most power in this novel.

Symbolism in Ancient Mariner Essay Example

Symbolism in Ancient Mariner Essay Symbolism in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Samual Taylor Coleridges poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a lyrical fantasy ballad based on the story of a weathered sailor and his ordeals.The poem begins with the antiquated English mariner capturing the attention of a passer by on his way to a wedding.With this the mariner proceeds to reminisce and tell his spell bound listener of his voyage between the equator and the South Pole, and then back to England.The story follows the mariner and his ship through life and death, heaven and hell, and everything in between. Symbolism is used in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner to convey powerful and complex themes that in turn create an Allegory.In this paper allegory as well as symbolism will be defined.Following the definitions will be examples of how they are used and explanations of their meanings in relation to the poem and to life. An allegory is a story with two or more symbolic levels.The events, settings, objects, or characters in an allegory stand for ideas or qualities beyond themselves.In a sense it is a description of one thing under the image of another.On almost the same level, symbolism is a literary device that uses one thing in representation of another.Symbols are almost always physical in nature and represent something that is not physical, like a color to represent a mood or an object to represent an idea. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a poem filled with morally and religiously orientated symbols.One symbol and perhaps the most overlooked is the mariner himself. He represents the individual soul and all the struggles that one eventually faces through life and death. The mariners journey and tribulations that begin with the slaying of the albatross and end with his return to dry land in England parallel a souls journey from sin to redemption. In likeness to the mariner, the ship may re

segregation and discrimination in texas essays

segregation and discrimination in texas essays Segregation and Discrimination that effected Black Texans and Mexican Americans in Texas Historians have described the early twentieth century as the nadir of race relations in this country. Ironically, populism, which tried to create a biracial political coalition, helped to encourage segregation in the south. Attempting to prevent any coalition of blacks and poor white farmers, establishment Democratic politicians frequently demonstrated their Negrophobia by accusing blacks of having inherently inferior racial characteristics and warning that such innate flaws threatened society. There began a move to make African Americans outsiders, governed by political leaders for whom they could not vote and segregated by law and custom into a separate society. The movement largely succeeded. In rural areas of Texas, most blacks did not vote, as they became victims of all white primaries. As black Texans migrated to cities, however, they acquired some voting power. Excluded from political participation, black Texans watched as white officials segregated public facilities. The state legislature in 1910 and 1911 ordained that railroad stations must have separate waiting rooms and separate water fountains and restrooms existed at public facilities. It was virtually impossible for the black citizens to stay at major hotels; to eat in better restaurants, to attend most cultural or other entertainment events unless segregated, inferior seating sections were provided. Vigilante style violence as well as law enforcement agencies upheld the separate and unequal society. Texas ranked third nationally in lynching, as mobs killed over 100 blacks between 1900 and 1910. In 1916, race riots erupted periodically throughout the period. White prejudice included animosity toward black troops in the U.S. Army. Brownville whites objected to the stationing of the all black Twenty fifth Infantry at Fort Brown. They charged that the troops raided the city...

Find a New Career as a Health Care Professional

Find a New Career as a Health Care Professional Sometimes, the desire to be involved in medicine might not strike when you’re young. But then, inspiration hits. Maybe a life-changing event calls you to help others; maybe you realize that after pursuing another career, you have a skill set that lends itself perfectly to the rapidly evolving healthcare field. Even if you amassed a course load (and a degree) that has nothing to do with health care, never fear–it’s never too late for a career change into the growing and thriving medical profession.Your first step? Look for a  postbaccalaureate  program specifically designed to give you the core science classes you missed the first time around that you’ll need for your desired role. (Nurse? Doctor? Veterinarian? Dentist? They’re all up for grabs!)Next, find a mentor. Most programs are designed with career changers in mind and offer a wealth of opportunities to strike out on a path tailor-made for your life. Find a professional you hope to emulate and pick his or her brain. And don’t forget to contact other recent career changers who have been there and can give you advice from the trenches.Finally, pursue this major undertaking with confidence! Whether you’re fresh out of college and want a redo or are decades into your career, many resources are available for you enter the medical field and leave your mark.So you’re thinking of a new career in medicineRead More at USC News

Investment Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investment Report - Essay Example Tesco is currently the world’s third largest retailer in the world measured by revenue and the second largest when measured by profits. The company is undoubtedly the largest in the retail industry in the UK, where it controls approximately 30% of the market. This places Tesco substantially ahead of ASDA its closest rival which is operated by Wal-Mart a U.S owned operation. However, BBC (2012) indicates that Tesco’s market share fell below 30% to 29.9% for the first time in seven years for the 12 week period to January 22, 2012. The company’s major competitors include Sainsbury which was number one until 1995, ASDA, Safeway and Morrison’s. Tesco’s size resulted from a series of acquisitions throughout the UK. The company is now an international group with operations in 14 countries – located in Asia, Europe, and the U.S. According to Tesco (2013) Tesco’s venture into the international arena started in 1995 when the company invested in Hungary. In 1998 the company entered Thailand under the Tesco Lotus brand and in 1999 though a partnership with Samsung made its entry into Korea where it now has 450 stores. The company took a break and continued its streak of expansion when it entered into a partnership with 30% stakeholder Darby in Malaysia. This was followed by the acquisition of the Kipa stores in Turkey in 2003 and entry into China in 2004 where the company established a network of over 100 stores in several Provinces along the Eastern Seaboard. The company entered the U.S in 2007 under the name Fresh & Easy and now has approximately 200 stores in several states including California. Tesco now has approximately 6,234 stores and is expected to continue growing as economic conditions improve. In fact, the company decided to reduce its planned investment in China as a result of uncertainties in the environment (Tesco 2012). The macroeconomic Environment in UK and Hong Kong An analysis of the macroeconomic environ ment of Tesco using PESTEL provides information about to opportunities and threats in the environment. In order to assess the impact of the environmental conditions of all these countries on Tesco’s, an environmental analysis needs to be done In the political environment the threat of terrorism is not as high as it was before. However, Tesco appears to be prepared as a major terrorist event would affect the company’s system and impact its ability to trade. The company has contingency plans in place as well as security systems and processes to deal with any such event (Tesco 2006). Tesco’s other international competitors - Wal-Mart and Carrefour face temporary price controls in Kunming, a southwestern Chinese city. (Bloomberg 2010; China Briefing 2010, CNNMoney 2010). However, incentives are being offered for investors to start business in the western region - the poorest region in China. The environment in the UK is getting better as the government has reduced t he corporation tax rate for 2012/13 from 24 per to 23 percent. The rate is expected to be reduced to 22% in 2013/2014. The political environment in Hong Kong as it relates to business is different as the country is considered to be a tax haven with a corporate tax rate of 16.5%. The company does not have value

The Dynamics of Inter-professional Relationships and how They Impact Essay

The Dynamics of Inter-professional Relationships and how They Impact on Inter-professional Working and the Quality of Care - Essay Example Examples of this would include professions such as interior designing or perhaps construction work. In these types of professions, there is a strictly one-on-one relationship. That is to say, one consumer is dealt with by one professional, and that consumer is not directly concerned with the other professionals in that particular workplace. Another example of professions however is one where an entire setting is expected to cater to the needs of one person, as a collective and collaborative team effort. The most prime example of this is any profession related to the medical sector, be it a doctor, a physiotherapist, or most importantly a nurse. In these sort of professions, inter-professional relationships are extremely important to consider and in fact can be the key to successful collaboration and would therefore have a direct impact on the comfort and satisfaction of the patient. This begs the questions of what exactly inter-professional working is. Loosely defined, the concept of various professionals working together towards the care of one particular patient is referred to as inter-professional working. More specifically, the definition of inter-professional working, as defined by Waddingtion (2007) is '†¦care which involves professionals from different disciplinary backgrounds (e.g. nursing, social work, medicine and physiotherapy) working together more effectively, often in teams, to improve the quality of care provided to individuals, families and communities'. In other words, inter-professional working involves professionals collaborating to work together more effectively to improve the quality of patient care. Although the practice is age old in specialized fields such as the medical field, official recognition of the term and a deeper study into the development of these inter-professional relationships began after an NHS developed research study in 2000. Official education being imparted to develop inter-professional relationships and the effec t on a patient's care were examined and methods were researched on making these relationships more effective towards a patient's benefit. Inter-professional relationships, as mentioned, is basically emphasis on a collaborative collective effort rather than an individual one. Which means, that instead of having each professional only concerned with his own area of interest, each would have a fairly sound level of knowledge about each area of interest, thereby enabling them to have greater confidence in their own area and work in harmony with other professionals working towards the care of a patient. As stated by Mahmood-Yousuf (2008) this also means that it encourages a team of professionals to share knowledge and therefore to have more sound knowledge and understanding of the medical issues at hand, which in turn enables them to take improved decisions in regard to the patient's health, not only in accordance to their own area of expertise, but rather in a general light. Sherwin (20 09) reiterates this view and in addition says that it provides more confidence to the professional as well, since they have a fair amount of trust on the fact that their decision will not conflict with any other decision in regard to the patient. In the long run, this would increase job satisfaction and reduce situations where conflict arises between two professionals wor

US Soldiers During and After the Vietnam War Essay Example for Free

US Soldiers During and After the Vietnam War Essay The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina war, was the battle between the South Vietnam Government supported by the United States of America against the National Liberation Front (NLF) and the North Vietnamese (Atwood Brigham, 2005). The US had to come to the scene when they felt that there was a need to prevent the â€Å"domino theory† (Atwood Brigham, 2005). With the advice of the US policymakers, they sent their US troops to Vietnam in 1965 to start the prevention of the spread of Communism in Vietnam (Atwood Brigham, 2005). They had this belief, as in congruence with their â€Å"domino theory† that if Communism enters Vietnam, it would most likely spread throughout Southeast Asia (Atwood % Brigham, 2005). As reinforcement to the Southern Vietnamese Government, the US soldiers had to make sure that this non-Communist government does not disintegrate. With this, the US soldiers had several difficulties during and after the war. First, a lot of people, Cambodians, Lao, Vietnamese, and American Soldiers died during the war. The numbers show that during the war, there were 3. 2 million Vietnamese, 1. 5 million to 2 million Lao and Cambodians, and 58,000 Americans (Atwood Brigham, 2005). It is sad to note that some of these died fighting for their principles while some died without them knowing it. Those who died with the latter group were mostly the civilians who were just caught with the war. As can be seen from the statistics shown above, the highest number of deaths came from the Vietnamese. This is a sad part for the US soldiers who had to watch civilians die amidst the war and never got the chance to see it come to an end. Apparently, there were alleged war crimes committed in the duration of the war by the American soldiers. However, it could still be noted that at the very least, some soldiers never wanted to be there and watch people die. Among the thousands of soldiers sent there, there would be a considerable, yet unsure, amount of soldiers who never wanted people to die when they were not supposed to do so. In addition to this, it is very hard for the soldiers to see the souls of their fellow soldiers fall one by one from their team. They had to move on with the battle they have started and just hope that it would soon come to an end. In addition to deaths of US soldiers in the battlefield, there were also deaths that were caused by other factors (Atwood Brigham, 2005). A table below shows the statistical breakdown for the deaths that occurred during the war in the side of the American soldiers. This table also includes the statistics of the incidence of nonfatal wounds that the American soldiers had. During this kind of war, where they had to fight against the Viet Congs, they constantly had to look out for each and everyone else’s safety, sometimes just their own. Nobody would know when there would be an attack or if someone shoots out during their sleep. The fear they had to go through had effects on the emotional and mental health of the soldiers. The presence of the dead bodies around them also had affected their hopes and diminished it to a certain extent as they had to trudge down dead bodies, wondering if they would have the same faith or see this war to an end. Second, some of the US soldiers inflicted several illnesses, one of them is malaria. More specifically, one of the diseases is cerebral malaria which some of them carried on even after the end of the war. A Vietnam War veteran who has inflicted such disease is Jim Manuel (Lloyd, n. d. ). The effects of such disease has affected their brain and even resulted in, as in the case of Jim Manuel, deterioration in his level of IQ (Lloyd, n. d. ). Fourth, there were Prisoners of War (POWs) who had suffered greatly in the war, many of whom never had the chance to step back into their motherland, America (O’Neill Corsi, 2004, p. 118). Fortunately, there were several of them who had the chance to go back to America and tell the tales of their captivity in Vietnam. They served as the shield of the Viet Congs against an intensive defense strategy of the Americans with the North Vietnamese group. Third, after the long efforts and lives lost during the war, the American soldiers have failed from preventing the Communism in Vietnam. They withdrew their troops as US, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) signed into the Treaty of Paris in January 27, 1972 (Atwood Brigham, 2005). The conditions set forth in the agreement were the release of all American prisoners of war from North Vietnam; the withdrawal of all U. S. forces from South Vietnam; the end of all foreign military operations in Laos and Cambodia; a cease-fire between North and South Vietnam; the formation of a National Council of Reconciliation to help South Vietnam form a new government; and continued U. S. military and economic aid to South Vietnam, [and a] $3. 25 billion in reparations for the postwar reconstruction of North Vietnam. (Atwood Brigham, 2005). After their withdrawal, the US soldiers still had to deal with another battle as they got back into their own country. During and on to the end of the war, there were campaigns rising for the war crimes and atrocities engaged into by the soldiers (Vistica, 2003, p. 233). This created a very negative impact even for those who had been fighting as anti-Vietnam War protests suddenly sprang up in America putting questions of doubt in the morality of the US military involvement in the Vietnam War (Atwood Brigham, 2005). Every strategic defense acted upon and carried out by the US soldiers has contributed to the intensity of the sentiments against the US soldiers by even the American protesters (Atwood Brigham, 2005). Another impact on the soldiers is the trauma they felt because of the war. Most, if not nearly all, of them showed different degrees of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Atwood Brigham, 2005). This mental disorder had symptoms of anxiety and depression (Atwood Brigham, 2005). What is more, over 20,000 of the Vietnam Veterans committed suicide and the incidents of veteran imprisonment rose (Atwood Brigham, 2005). Those who continued to live on still had the memory of their lost brother as they remember them during the hardest years of their lives (Atwood Brigham, 2005). There are surely a lot of ifs and buts questions going into their mind as soon as they got home. Sometimes, one could just wonder how they cope up after a situation similar to throwing oneself into a pool of sharks. The situations that the US soldiers went through during and after the Vietnam War contributed to making a double battle for them. They had to fight for a lot of reasons and against a lot of factors. While seeking for their main purpose as directed by their homeland, they had to fight for their own personal reasons and for their own life. The Vietnam War was never a simple war and will never be. The battle alone in mind has proved that these Vietnam Veterans are worth the salute and honor.Despite everything, the mere fact that they kept on going has made everything hard for them and for everyone else, too. References Brigham, Robert K. , and Atwood, Paul. Vietnam War. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 [CD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. Lloyd, S. (n. d. ). U. S. Vietnam war soldiers and malaria. Retrieved January 12, 2008, from http://www. historynet. com/wars_conflicts/vietnam_war/3038271. html. O’Neill, J. E. Corsi, J. R. (2004). Unfit for command. USA: Regnery Publishing, Inc. Vistica, G. (2003). The education of Lieutenant Kerrey. New York: Thomas Dunne Books.

Cult Films and the 1950s :: essays research papers

1950’s Over past nine weeks we've embarked on a journey spanning seven decades of cult films and also received a brief education of our not so distant past. We've seen the outrageous, the good, the bad and the ugly, the weirdly dramatic, and the just plain weird of the last seven decades of cult films and how in the end somehow find away to incorporate a piece of American culture at the time. However, by far the most intriguing decade to me would have to be the nineteen fifties. There are many reasons why I could say the fifties ranging from great sports moments to political milestones, which gave way to our society now. The nineteen fifties were a time when segregation was ending, people were daring to explore their sexuality, the race to venture in to space, the Korean War, the birth of the New York Yankee Legacy, and Elvis. However, for my purposes in this paper and in relation to the cult film genre, there are three specific reasons why I chose the era of the fifties. The most important reason would be the taboos of the decade, namely the taboo and paranoia of communism and the Cold War with the then Soviet Union. Second, there were many excellent cult films to come out of the period addressing the taboos of the time, two of which I would like to share. Third, the fifties brought us possibly "the worst director of all time" and "the ultimate cult director" Ed Wood, Jr. It is for these reasons that the 1950's are, to quote Prof. Allan Havis, "the quintessential decade of films." Entering the nineteen fifties the United States was getting past the bitter memories of World War II only to a brand new threat, Communism. The fear or taboo of communism was every where. Television programs and newspapers ran features on the newest government official, entertainer, and even next door neighbors suspected of communism. Led by Senator John McCarthy citizens left and right stood trial for being a communist or aiding Russians in the "Cold War". Knowing that anyone who stood against McCarthy would be subject persecution themselves many Americans began to fall in to a mass hysteria accusing neighbors and friends of supporting the communist threat and being spies for Russia. Many innocent people were sent to prison based purely on speculation. Also showing the increasing fear of communism were the writers of movies and books, the two top forms of leisure during the decade.

Baby Boomers Effect on Health Care Essay

As the baby boomer generation begins to reach retirement age, there has been much speculation as to what affect they will have on the health care industry. The baby boomer generation is the group of people born between 1946 and 1964. At one point, there were more than 76 million of them, of which 4 million died before 2000. With all this in mind, I will discuss what specific effects they will have now they are getting to that â€Å"elderly† stage. One word used by many people when they describe how the baby boomers will affect health care is apocalyptic. We all know that elderly people have to see the doctor quite frequently as their bodies start to deteriorate and begin to not work as well as it did when they were younger. It is believed that with this many people needing that much attention from the health care providers that the younger generations could face permanent inflation or high taxes and very possibly it could be both. Others believe that it will put such a strain on the insurance providers that the amount of coverage for everyone is going to be dropped as well. Another group of people think that with the cost of Medicare (government run insurance for those 65 and older) skyrocketing, the national debt will reach a point of no return. Why will all of this happen, you wonder? As mentioned before, elderly people have to see the doctor a lot more frequently than younger people. When the average generation holds about 60-65 million people, adding nearly 20 million more to that all at once is quite a large amount. Let’s put it this way. A computer can only hold so much memory. When it begins to store so much information on it, then it begins to slow down and not run as efficiently and needs more ram put in it. If too much is put on to it at once, then it could fry the system and become broken. The health care industry is the same way. The amount of organizations and providers can only hold so much. When there are less people using it, the more efficiently it works. The more and more that are crammed on it, the slower things work and the less effective and expensive it can become. In the baby boomers case, there are a lot of people that are going to be cramming the system. The costs are going to skyrocket as a result. There are a couple particular challenges that we will arise with the baby boomers. The first will be the cost of prescription medication. According to Dr. Woody Eisenberg, M. D. , vice president and chief medical officer for Medicare for Medco Health Care solutions in Franklin Lakes, NJ, baby boomers were the first generation to use medications as a preventative measure. Therefore they are used to taking medication and their bodies are accustomed to doing so. They have also had the privilege of all of the medical advances that have come about in the last 50 years that other generations haven’t. According to the Edlin, M. (2013) website, by 2015, the baby boomers will add nearly 19% to the population that falls into the 50-60 year old age groups. That is a staggering number. Another challenge that faces the health care industry is the long term health care program. The English, M. (2013) website says that by the year 2020, 12 million people will need long term care. With the baby boomers coming along, that number will surely increase. Providers will need to hire more long term care nurses as well as more doctors. The more people they have to hire, the higher the cost of the service because they have to make up the extra expense one way or another. Another issue facing this generation would have to be the incidents of chronic disease. While the average life expectancy was 48 years old in the early 1900’s, the now life expectancy is up to 78, nearly double. With that in mind, there are also more people with chronic disease. Many of these diseases, though, are preventable, but due to some poor lifestyle choices made during their life span, it is inevitable that that number will increase. The effects of smoking and drinking are a major part of that. Part of this is the decrease in the number of primary care physicians and pension plans that are disappearing due to the economy. That means there is a smaller number of doctors and smaller amounts of funds to take care of these. If there will be an evolution in this, there must be new models of management of these illnesses as well. This includes the delivery of innovative services through Medicare and private sector plans. â€Å"Transformative changes are particularly critical for the baby boomer generation, of which nearly two-thirds (35 million people) have at least one chronic health condition,† (Blumenthal, S. 2013). Another thing about this particular generation is that they are technology savvy. While things like the internet were not around when they were little, the older they got, the more technology as a whole grew. The internet came along as well as television. They have become starving for information. Therefore, when it comes to marketing, the best place to do this is on the internet and also on television advertisements. They do also enjoy reading the newspaper, so taking out portions of those would be beneficial. Making sure that there is as much information as possible about a particular service or product available is vital. If there is something that they see or want, they will do their research on it first, before taking it. There seems to be a lot of negative surrounding this generation and the health care industry. However, there are things that can be done to help with all of this, on the part of the individual, community, and society as a whole. As far as the individual patients goes, it starts with taking good care of themselves. While they are getting older, it is never too late to begin proper health habits. If they smoke, they should stop. Their lungs will begin to heal themselves. Doing daily exercises can go a long way to promoting good health. They should have a proper diet and try not to rely on supplements unless directed so by their doctor. As far as the community goes, there should be more tolerance for elderly people. It is frustrating to a lot of people that they don’t move as fast and even ridicule them. Being more accepting of them when they walk or drive by. Encourage them to go out and do things. In terms of society as a whole, the same could be said there as well. However, another thing that could be done is that there can be more programs made for people age 50 and up to encourage them to get out and get involved. If people don’t become â€Å"home bodies† and stay active, then they are more likely to stay healthy. I work at Walgreens, which is known more for its health related stuff and it has changed its motto to â€Å"Helping people get, stay, and live well. † I have seen an increasing number of older people coming in living well in to their 80’s and 90’s and still living healthy lives. The people that I have spoken with have attributed their good health to staying active. They admit they don’t move as fast as they used to, but they still manage a way to do it. They stay mentally strong which is a big plus when it comes to keeping their health condition high. The baby boomer generation is a large generation of people, likely one of the biggest in the nation’s history. They are getting older, now, and will start to require more medical attention. It is going to put a major strain on the health care field, which is why it is best if we start preparing for it now. Living a healthier lifestyle is a key to all of this.

Lascia Ch’Io Pianga Analysis Essay

The analysis of the aria â€Å"Lascia ch’io pianga† by Haendel according to the thorough bass method, shows us how the composer refer in this piece to the typical compositional procedures of baroque music. The aria starts with a pedal (frame, according to Joel Lester’s terminology) followed by a cadence harmonized according the regle de l’octave both in ascending and descending motion (MM. 5-8). The second episode starting at M. 8 consists of a sequence, precisely a modified sequence, in which the subsequent is slightly modified at the end introducing a new harmony on the second beat of M. 12 that leads to a final cadence with a modulation to the original key. The regle is always working also in the sequence, it is just applied chromatically according the harmonic context. After two repetitions of the first phrase, with a small difference in MM. 17 and 34 with a 6-chord instead of a 5-chord on the second subdivision of the second beat, we have the last section of the aria, before the da capo. In this last section there is a modified sequence (MM. 35 to 39) followed by a cadence that leads to the end of the piece. In general, most of the harmonies in the piece reflect the indications of the regle but there are some exceptions. The most interesting part in which the regle is not applied is at the very beginning of the aria: the use of 7 on the second degree, instead of 6. This is the harmony that more that any other characterizes this piece, giving a smoother flavor to the passage than the dominant harmony suggested by the regle. Aside from the exception, it is interesting to see where Haendel follows strictly the regle, and this happens in every final cadence, probably as a sign that in the closing sections the use of the regle is more functional and gives a stronger sense of harmonic definition. In the fundamental bass, the bass line consists of a series of roots that not only represent the roots of the harmonies built on top of then, but also physically generates these harmonies. Any kind of harmony should be reduced to triads and sevenths and the motion of the bass-line should be by fifths and fourths. In â€Å"Lascia ch’io pianga† is possible to understand all the harmonies as fifths and sevenths but the bass-line motion not always moves naturally by fifths and fourths. In many cases, through the use of the double-emploi, is has been possible to correct some irregular motions into fifth motion, but still for some of them it hasn’t been possible. Probably the most evident example is the motion by second occurring between MM. 6 and 7, and between MM. 11 and 12. The fundamental-bass analysis bring into play notes that are supposed, that are not in the score but affect the music as the roots of a tree feed the last leaf on the highest branch. In this case, we can see how the sense of motion that we perceive listening to this aria is perfectly explained and justified by the succession of seventh chord and fifth chord, as the epitome of the arsi-tesi feeling in music. Even in the first two measures, that look really simple in the thorough bass analysis, we can still discover something that makes this beginning not so obvious. In the first measure the F is transformed into D with a seventh chord on top, and the accumulation of this seventh with the next one in the second measure create a sense of instability and a need to resolve. In the next measures this tension will be released through a succession of 5-chord with two final combinations 7-5 to close the episode.

The Fall of the Textile Industry in India

The Fall of the Textile Industry in India Free Online Research Papers The industrial revolution took place in 18th to 19th century with impetus from cotton industry. Though raw material for the cotton industry (raw cotton) couldn’t be produced in Britain at all and had to be imported thousand miles from America and later on from Asia. Origin of cotton industry traces back to 17th century. British had to wear uncomfortable clothes made up of either wool or leather in hot summer days. But as cotton clothes were introduced to them which were comfortable to wear in summer, it gained popularity among common people. Demand for printed and painted fabrics rose up and this attractiveness of the comfortable cotton material produced threat in the traditional woolen industry. Hence to squeeze the competition from exported Indian clothes, petition was filled in the parliament. In 1700 an Act was passed against the import of any of such fabric from India, Persia and china. All the goods seized in the process were to be confiscated, sold by auction or re-exported. But the Act could not bring desired result. Consumers were not ready to give up use of imported cotton materials. Many pamphlets were published by representative of woolen industry to prevent consumers from buying those cotton goods. The envy of woolen weavers could not be limited to words and was expressed in the streets via attacking people dressed in cotton material and even the houses with any of such cotton materials found were damaged. However this violence could not hold back the need of people to be clothed in something other than wool or leather. This tremendous violence and protest had to be addressed with new Act of prohibition. However this Act did not impose any ban on trading of cotton fabrics but they had to be kept in the warehouses and re-exported to other parts of the Europe. When the imports from India were restricted, imitators found a golden opportunity to make profit out of depressed demand of consumers. As rightly said, â€Å"Necessity is the mother of invention†, deliberate effort was taken by the carpenter (in absence of engineers) to discover the substitute to the cotton material. Though, replication of years old skills and talent was not that easy. The Lancashire spinners couldn’t reproduce Indian cotton clothes and the fabric spun were too coarse or too weak. This attempt resulted in making material of mixed linen and cotton, linen as warp and the cotton as woof. These mixed materials were not as good as the cotton fabrics; nevertheless they provided a useful substitute to consumers in need. The remarkable skill gifted in the hands of Indian weavers had to be substituted and alternative to human skill was searched for. The petition was again filed saying thousand of workmen would be deprived of work and bread. As a result in 1721, British parliament passed much more comprehensive Act than the older one, according to which anybody found in possession of these fabrics had to bear penalty. The penalty amounted to  £5 for the private individuals and  £20 for merchants. To retain monopoly in the textile industry, traditional woolen industry did almost every thing. They tried to limit the growth of cotton industry in its initial stage. The innovation of spinning mill took more than three decades, when John Wyatt and Lewis Paul developed some type of the spinning mill. This attempt by no possible means got even near to quality of cotton material weaved by Indian weavers. The first invention which was able to make its presence felt was ‘fly shuttle’ by John Kay in 1733 which was the first weaving machine to use steel comb replacing the early wooden combs. But the basic problem with fly shuttle was width of material, which was limited to two arms of a workman. Woolen manufacturers and weaver accused John Kay of depriving daily wage and bread of workmen. Then in 1765, a new innovation of textile machine build up popularly known as Hargreaves’s jenny with eight spindles and these spindles would be increased to many. Since jenny was a simple machine, it did not require setting up special workshop and could be managed by small employers. A single worker could spin threads at once. So jenny raised labor productivity and reduced the cost. Finally in 1767, Arkwright’s water frame was invented. This machine was powered by water springs, required to be situated near the springs and powered by water flow. The invention of Arkwright helped in setting up the factory system. And only at the request of the Richard Arkwright the Act passed in 1721 came to end in 1774. Free trade was emphasized by Ricardo as beneficial for every player in international trade. But this theory of comparative advantage has logical flaw. Let’s see Ricardo’s original example- two countries (Britain and Portugal) and two goods (cloth and wine) model. Let us assume England requires 4 and 2.5 person-days to produce a unit of cloth and a unit of wine while Portugal needs 2 and 1 person-days to produce a unit of cloth and a unit of wine respectively. Further Portugal has 200 person days and Britain has 400 person days. If both the countries dedicate half of person days available, to each of the product then Portugal can produce 50 units of clothes and 100 units of wine and Britain can produce 50 units of clothes and 80 unit of wine. Then Portugal can either produce either 100 units of the clothes or 200 units of wine and Britain can produce either 100 units of clothes or 160 units of wine. So Portugal has absolute advantage in producing both of the goods. For example, Portugal to shift more resources into higher output of clothes the opportunity cost of each extra cloth is two units of wine. For Britain, the same decision has an opportunity cost of 1.6 unit of wine. Therefore, Britain has a comparative advantage in production of cloths. Were Portugal to reallocate resources to wine, the opportunity cost of one extra unit of wine is 0.5 of a unit of cloth. For the Britain the opportunity cost is 0.625 unit of cloth. Thus the Portugal has the comparative advantage in producing wine. Table 1 Person –days per Unit Output Pre-trade output/consumption Good Portugal Britain Portugal Britain Portugal + Britain One unit of cloth 2 4 50 50 100 One unit of Wine 1 2.5 100 80 180 On the other hand if Portugal specializes in producing wine and Britain specialization in producing cloth in that case Portugal can produce 200 units of wine and Britain can produce 100 units of clothes. These countries can benefited through trade, as extra 20 unit of cloth is produced. Table 2 After Specialization output in unit per day Prost-trade consumption Good Portugal Britain Portugal Britain Portugal + Britain Cloth 0 100 50 50 100 Wine 200 0 110 90 200 But the problem of the whole argument is that grapes are required for processing wine but Britain can’t produce grapes in commercial basis. Hence we can’t even identify cost of production of grapes in Britain i.e. can’t define transformation frontier of one good to another. Ricardo’s argument has fallacy in drawing conclusion from invalid premise-â€Å"both the countries can produce both goods†. This type of fallacy in literature of logic is known as ‘converse fallacy of accident’. Ricardo’s argument further has a verbal fallacy. The use of the term ‘grow wine’ is completely a mistake. Since wine needs to be processed from the grapes and grapes are to be grown. It involves two different processes: one is cultivating the grapes and another is processing grapes into wine. Such a crucial distinction was over viewed. Even if we consider Britain can’t produce grapes there is tiny or no possibility in the above example that trade improves consumption pattern in both the countries. Consider the case in which Britain can’t produce grapes then Portugal can produce 50 units of clothes and 100 units of clothes whereas Britain can produce 200 units of clothes. Table 3 Person –days per Unit Output Pre-trade output/consumption Good Portugal Britain Portugal Britain Portugal + Britain One unit of cloth 2 4 50 100 150 One unit of Wine 1 NA 100 0 180 If Portugal, as Ricardo says specializes in producing wine then it can produce 200 units of wine and Britain can produce 100 units of clothes. Post- trade Britain has 50 units of clothes and 100 units of wine to consume whereas Portugal’s situation is same as before. Table 4 After Specialization output in unit per day Prost-trade consumption Good Portugal Britain Portugal Britain Portugal + Britain Cloth 0 100 50 50 100 Wine 200 0 100 100 200 The output of cloth declines by 50 units so there is no vector wise improvement rather Portugal suffers deindustrialization and shift towards export of primary product. Britain enjoys diversified consumption in terms of wine and clothes. If we consider shortage of land in the Portugal then there is possibility of shift in cultivation from food grains to commercial crops (grapes). Thus Portugal will face a shortage in food grains and she may have import food grains too. Situation of Portugal worsens as the effect of specialization and trade. Despite of Portugal’s loss, trade between Portugal and Britain continued for many years due to navigation Act passed where she was compelled to trade with Britain. Similar situation reproduces in India where she suffered deindustrialization in the textile industry. Many writers in the literature believed that reversal in the pattern of trade in cotton textile occurred due to the shift in the terms of trade. Deindustrialization in India as explained by K N chaudhary was due to existence of surplus labour and uncultivable land as comparative advantage assumes full and continuous employment of factors of production. This caused lack of efficiency, limitation of market and little incentive to maximize potential output. Thus India Lost its share of manufacturing output to Britain. Since cotton textile requires raw cotton to produce its output, which is quite impossible to produce in Britain. So the total concept of defining comparative cost is erroneous as in the case of Portugal defined in the example above. The reason for reversal of pattern of trade in cotton textile between Britain and India in the early 19th century lies in the more than 125 years long commercial and discrimination policy followed by British government. Starting from 1700 when first attempt was initiated to ban Indian printed and painted clothes to 1846, they continued to do every thing possible to retain bullion in their own country. Different form of barriers ranging from quantitative restriction to high tariffs was levied on Indian textile. Only under such a harsh commercial policy it was possible for them to copy manufacture of the textiles and reverse the trade pattern. It had nothing to do with the shift in the comparative costs as mentioned by many writers. Even after ban imposed in 1700 and 1721, further they had to impose tariffs. Textile market is segmented and could never be out competed in the entire sector. Additional ad valorem duty was imposed to prevent Indian export to Britain. In 1813 the tariffs we re ranged between 27 to 71 per cent and increased in 1824 to 37-75 per cent and only in 1846 these tariffs were completely abolished. With this discrimination, Britain was not only able to take over the India’s export market but also expanded to India’s own domestic market. Further American civil war (1861-1865) caused cotton prices to rouse high and led Indian farmers to turn towards cultivation of raw cotton. This innovation led fall in cost of textile manufacturers in Britain held back the handloom manufactures in India and were successful to export through out the globe. There was a huge decline in India’s share in world manufacture output. The share in 1750 was 24.5 per cent which declined to 6.9 per cent in 1830. Table 5 Tariff rates for import of muslins, calicoes other cotton clothes manufacturers in Britain Year Tariffs (in %) 1813 27-71 1824 37-75 1830 30-10 1846 Abolished (Source: Tribute transfer and balance of payment, Utsa Patnaik) This discrimination policy displaced hand loom workers and it can be seen in the table below where export of raw cotton was only 4.9 per cent in 1811-12 increased to 21 per cent by 1834-35. Not only the raw cotton but export of other primary commodities like Indigo, sugar etc also increased in significant proportion. The export of piecegoods declines gradually in the early 19th century. In 1811-12 the export share of piecegoods was 33 per cent which decreased by about 19 percent and by the year 1834-35 the export of piecegoods remained only 7 per cent. Between 1813 and 1930 Bengal piece-goods practically disappeared from the investment list of East India Company. Table 7 Indian exports: commodity composition, percentage share of selected items in total value Year Raw cotton Piecegoods Indigo Raw silk Opium Sugar Total 1811-12 4.9 33 18.5 8.3 23.8 1.5 90 1814-15 8 14.3 20 13.3 N.A. 3 58.6 1828-9 15 11 27 10 17 4 84 1834-5 21 7 15 8 25 2 78 (Source: Foreign trade and the balance of payment –K N chaudhary) There was also decline in in the export of cotton piece goods and twist yarn in the first half of the 19th century. Table 8 Annual Export of Indian cotton piece goods and twist yarn: Year Pound 1790-95 to 1803-04  £242 million 1849  £0.69 million The machine made fabrics were cheaper then hand looms fabrics but still complete washout was not possible. The reason for this was that some of the segment could never be produced. Other few reasons were, continued attachment of poor to the coarse cloth and wage level of unskilled labour was much below that of the weavers and fulltime weaver did the weaving job as part time jobs. There was no vector wise improvement at all and countries like Portugal and India lost from trade. Still the theory of comparative advantage survived for long period of two hundred years. Because it is beneficial for some countries popularize this idea and diversify their consumption basket. The story of destruction of the renowned Indian textile industries dates back to the period 1881-1931. Deindustrialization can be defined as the movement of labor out of manufacturing and into agriculture. The brunt of deindustrialization within the country is different from the brunt of industrialization of one country on the secondary sector of the other country. Later is the case where rapid expansion of the cotton textile industry in Britain ruined indigenous industry in India. In Britain, industrial revolution was their own and destruction of handicrafts and loss of employment in the cottage industry was compensated by much larger employment opportunity created in the secondary sector. The traditional giant woolen industry felt little effect of the technological revolution as different measures of protection was used but no state help was rendered in response of the destruction of indigenous industries in India. In addition, cotton industry was relatively new industry and effect of the revolution was limited to the small section of the society and opposite was the case for India were the tradition cotton industry constituted enormous part of industrial sector. The visualization of this process of de-industrialisation can be seen through its adverse impact on the population dependent on cotton industry as shown in the data collected by the Buchanan Hamilton, of the large part of Bihar and north Bengal. He defined De-industrialisation as a decline in the proportion of the working population engaged in secondary industry to the total working population or a decline in the proportion of the population dependent on secondary industry to the total population. The estimate of population dependent on the industry includes two assumptions (a) that every spinners supports one person besides himself and (b) that every spinners support himself only. Based on the assumption (b) total population dependent on the industry in 1809-13 were 1,806,776 and this accounted for about 18.6 per cent of total population. The dependence of total population on industry in 1901 was 937,752 which accounted to just 8.5 per cent of total population. Thus it is easy to no tice that the decline in percentage of dependence on population was roughly about 10 per cent. Table 9 Industrial population in selected in Bihar districts around 1809-1813 District absolute no. of the population on industry Percentage of the industrial to total population Assumption(a) Assumption (b) Assumption(a) Assumption (b) Patna-Gaya 985,947 655,551 29.3 19.5 Bhagalpur 454,965,965 286,080 22.5 14.2 Purinea 874,860 587,860 30.1 20.2 Shahabad 446,775 287,285 31.5 20.2 TOTAL 2,762,457 1,806,776 28.5 18.6 (Source: De-industrialisation in Gangetic Bihar, A K Bagchi) Table 10 Population Dependent on industry in 1901 in selected Bihar District District absolute no. of the population on industry Percentage of the industrial to total population Unadjusted Adjusted Unadjusted Adjusted Patna 279,093 179,695 17.1 11.1 Gaya 287,732 187,016 14 9.1 Shahabad 346,400 228,051 17.7 11.6 Monghyr 281,325 155,439 13.6 7.5 Bhagalpur 222,796 115,618 10.7 5.5 Purnea 220,506 121,933 11.8 6.5 TOTAL 1,638,662 937,752 14.3 8.5 (Source: De-industrialisation in Gangetic Bihar, A K Bagchi) In period of de-industrialisation, the component of industrial sector which suffered most was cotton textile industry. The analysis of data collected by Buchanan Hamilton clearly shows the massive destruction of traditional cotton weavers and spinners. The population dependent on cotton weaving and spinning in 1809-13 was about 1,124,331 which declined to 148,716 in the year 1901. The per cent of population dependent on cotton weaving and spinning was 62.3 per cent and 15.1 per cent in 1809-13 and 1901 respectively. Therefore the decline in per cent of population dependent on cotton textile was about 47.2 per cent. Hence the extent of decline in the cotton industry was enormous as observed from massive fall in percentage of dependence on cotton textile industry. Table 11 Industrial population dependent on cotton weaving and spinning District Total no. Dependent on cotton weaving spinning Percentage of the industrial to total population Year 1809-13 1901 1809-13 1901 Patna-Gaya 379,396 64,154 58.0 34.8 Shahabad 194,625 25,258 67.6 11.1 Purniya 354,775 16,777 60.3 15.1 Bhagalpur 200,035 19,034 69.9 16.5 Monghyr 23,493 13.8 TOTAL 1,124,331 148,716 62.3 15.1 (Source: De-industrialisation in Gangetic Bihar, A K Bagchi) This created huge unemployment in the Gangetic Bihar. The estimation of weavers and spinners thrown back in the soil as referred by nationalist writer was about 10, 00,000 in Bengal and Bihar by 1828. The cotton industry which formed large fraction of industry in India was destroyed to the extent which could never be compensated for. British initially entered in India as traders. And with the establishment of East India Company in 1600 AD, they tried to acquire monopoly in trade of India. In 1765, East India Company got Diwani of Bengal i.e. right to collect tax revenue. As they got right to collect revenue in Bengal, Company ceased importing of gold and silver which was used to pay for goods imported by Britain. The demand for the cotton textile roused was curtailed by exceptionally harsh protectionist policy during the period 1700-1846. These measures supported an environment where innovation of the textile machinery could take place. The machine made fabrics out-competed handloom fabrics of India. In 1750, India exported mostly fine cotton textiles but by the third decade of 19th century it transformed into exporter of raw materials like raw cotton, Opium, indigo etc. Increase in the cultivation of raw cotton was basis for decline in the availability of food grains. Thus two hundred years long British rule ca n be characterized as a period of de-industrialisation, suppression and massive transfers which caused disruption in the path of development. 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If Malgr Que Talks Supposition, Use the Subjunctive

If 'Malgr Que' Talks Supposition, Use the Subjunctive Malgrà © que  (even though, despite the fact that) is a conjunctive phrase (locution conjonctive) that requires the subjunctive when theres uncertainty or supposition, as in:Il le fait malgrà © quil pleuve.Hes doing it even though its raining. Je suis venu malgrà © que je n’aie pas vraiment le temps.I came even though I really don’t have time. The Heart of the Subjunctive This goes to the heart of the subjunctive  mood, which  is used to express actions or ideas that are subjective or otherwise uncertain, such as will/wanting, emotion, doubt, possibility, necessity and judgment. The subjunctive can seem overwhelming, but the thing to remember is: the subjunctive subjectivity or  unreality. Use this mood enough and it will become second nature...and quite expressive. The French subjunctive  is nearly always found in dependent clauses introduced by  que  or  qui, and the subjects of the dependent and main clauses are usually different. For example:      Je veux que tu le fasses.   I want you to do it.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il faut que nous partions.    It is necessary that we leave. Dependent Clauses Take the Subjunctive When They: Contain verbs and expressions that express someones will, an  order, a need, a piece of advice or a desireContain verbs and expressions of emotion or feeling, such as fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, or any other sentimentsContain verbs and expressions of doubt, possibility, supposition  and opinionContain verbs and expressions, such as  croire que  (to believe that),  dire que  (to say that),  espà ©rer que  (to hope that),  Ãƒ ªtre certain que (to be certain that),  il paraà ®t que  (it appears that),  penser que  (to think that),  savoir que  (to know that),  trouver que  (to find/think that) and  vouloir dire que (to mean that), which only require the subjunctive when the clause is  negative or interrogatory. They  do  not  take the subjunctive when they are used in the affirmative, because they express facts that are considered certain- at least in the speakers mind.Contain French  conjunctive phrases  (locutions conjonc tives), groups of two or more words that have the same function as a conjunction and imply supposition.   Contain the  negative pronouns  ne ... personne  or  ne ... rien, or the  indefinite pronouns  quelquun  or  quelque chose. Follow main clauses containing  superlatives. Note that in such cases,  the subjunctive is optional, depending on how concrete the speaker feels about what is being said.   Why Malgr Que Takes the Subjunctive Malgrà © que  is one of the conjunctive phrases (locutions conjonctives)  described in number 5, many of which are listed below. These require the subjunctive because they imply uncertainty and subjectivity; it is best to try to memorize them, although you can also decide according to the meaning of the tense. Malgrà © que  belongs to a subset of this category called opposition conjunctions, such as bien que, sauf que, sans que and others. These Conjunctive Phrases Take the Subjunctive condition que   provided that moins que  Ã‚  unless supposer que  Ã‚  assuming that afin que  Ã‚  so that avant que  Ã‚  before bien que  Ã‚  although de crainte que  Ã‚  for fear that de faà §on que  Ã‚  so that, in order that, in such a way that de manià ¨re que  Ã‚  so that de peur que  Ã‚  for fear that de sorte que  Ã‚  so that en admettant que  Ã‚  assuming that en attendant que  Ã‚  while, until encore que  Ã‚  even though jusqu ce que  Ã‚  until pour que  Ã‚  so that pourvu que  Ã‚  provided that quoique  Ã‚  even though quoi que  Ã‚  whatever, no matter what sans que  Ã‚  without Additional Resources The French SubjunctiveFrench ConjunctionsThe Subjunctivator!Quiz: Subjunctive or indicative?

Individual Leadership Growth Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual Leadership Growth Reflection - Essay Example In this paper, I give the self-discoveries I have made from this course with regard to my growth as a leader in terms of power, coercion and management functions. Various ways exist in which to define leadership because of the variance in the meaning attached to leadership under diverse contexts. Nonetheless, the bottom line of leadership entails a focus on the processes of a group. It entails how an individual’s behavior or personality perspective interacts to cause transformation. Additionally, it entails the power relationship between the leader and the followers. Therefore, the definition of leadership as a process of an individual influencing a group of individuals so as to achieve a common objective by Northouse (2010) adequately covers all aspects of leadership. This means that in this evaluation of my leadership, I look at how I have been able to influence various groups of individuals to achieve the intended common goal. It will involve an analysis of my leadership traits and how I have used such traits to influence groups. First, just as is human nature to love power, I have sought to acquire power under various capacities that would give me the command and thus the leadership. Without power, it would be difficult for me to cause transformation in a group. After all, Northouse (2010) defines power as the capacity to influence. Without this potential, it implies that it would be difficult for me to control any group. Borrowing from the traits approach to leadership, some of my physical traits have greatly contributed to my leadership positions. Being tall and well built has always been a way in which people have opted to give me legitimate power in many groups. The most recent is the position of chairmanship of a group of a minority represented in the school. Through this power, I was able to bring about changes among the minority students, empowering them to occupy executive positions in the school’s students’ council. This way,

Environmental scanning report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental scanning report - Essay Example Recently, Paula Deen has been battling to rejuvenate her dented image in the public domain; you remember the racism lawsuit? Well, another blow complicating her positive attempts even further was right in the public hands. As New York Times reported, Paula Deen took to social media and most specifically the restaurant facebook page to inform the employees of their impending joblessness. Sure, this was the worst method of communicate about business closure in my lifetime. It is no doubt that in some cases, there are employees of the restaurant who got the information from family members or even friends; just think of how facebook posts can sometimes be viral. In a more open and objective judgment, Paula Deen violated the privacy of the restaurant employees. At least the management of the restaurant ought to have converged a meeting to pass the information to all its employees before taking to external media. In conclusion, employers should use the right channel of communication to pass information to their employees. Paula Deen’s style was a bad

Personal Reflection .. Continue (car parking) Essay

Personal Reflection .. Continue (car parking) - Essay Example We are also going to discover how what implications our different teaching strategies have on the project. We have a list with everyone names and emails . A web site has been created and we are meeting in a chat room .( Private Wiki - ESV222 Development and Change. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2009 ) I have listed the names of our time and their strong points. . My reflections on the chats show that Dylan is the team captain. He is working to get everyone to the chat room and the project completed in a timely manner. (Private Wiki - ESV222 Development and Change. ) The readings in the chat room reveal that Dylan was not planning on being the leader, however, he has the best characteristics. He created the web site and the chat room. He was very instrumental in completing the task of choosing the project. . The role of critical reflection in relation to the team project can be seen in the discussion in the chat room when we were choosing the topic of the project. Dylan listed for this idea to the group in the chat room "What to do at an intersection - Recognising street signs & road markings - Theory - reading manuals - Parking the car - Dials, Controls, Knobs, Pedals, Mirros etc - Wet and Harsh Conditions". ( Private Wiki - ESV222 Development and Change.

Literature Review Of Tourism In Gujarat

Literature Review Of Tourism In Gujarat Gujarat is a state of India, geographically situated in the western tip of India and surrounded by Arabian Sea coastline. This is the only state that has longest coastline. Pakistan to the north-west borders, Arabian Sea to the southwest, Rajasthan state to the northeast and Madhya Pradesh state to the East. People of the state and the local language are known as Gujarati. The state has some of largest businesses of the India such as diamond, cement, denim cloth manufacturing, grassroots oil refining, agriculture etc. Worlds largest ship braking yard at Alang existed in the Gujarat near Bhavnagar district. Major cities of the state Ahmedabad, Surat, Baroda (Vadodara), Rajkot, Jamnagar, Bhavnagar are playing main roles to grow the economy rates and increasing name and fame for the various businesses in the world. Gujarat state has various factors to attract foreigner as well as national and local tourists. History tourism, Medical tourism, Business tourism, Culture tourism, Adventure tourism and many more are most attractions. Gujarat state has different mode of transportations such as buses, railway, auto and taxies, aeroplane, boat, ship. Above all transportations is easy, cheaper and faster in compare to other states of India. About the political view Gujarat is governed by Legislative Assembly of 182 members, Legislative Assembly members terms is for five years and the administrations of the state is led by the honourable Chief Minister. Main Body Gujarat have different festivals and they play an important role to call foreign tourists, major of the festivals are Diwali, Navratri, Raksha Bandhn, Janmastmi, Holi, Kite Festival and many more. Diwali is the festival of light, on that day lot of sweets are cooked and at the evening people enjoy with fireworks. Navratri is the longest festival of the India and the world as well. It is a nine nights dancing festival, it is called Dandia or Garba. On the festival of Rakshabandhan, sister tie a band on the right hand of her brother, that is a holy band, belief is like the band will defence of the brother. Janmastmi is one of the holiest festivals, because it is the birth day of lord Krishna, the most worshiped god of India. Holi is called a festival of colours, on that day people spoil one to another with different colours. Every 14th of the January is celebrated as a Kite festival, international kite flying contests is also organised in the Gujarat. Most of the contestants are foreig ners. These all festivals are big attractions for foreign tourist. Food, festivals and lifestyle are famous of Gujarat state. Local people are used to eat spicy but very tasty food. Simply thinking and high living is the basic life slogan of them; they are enthusiastic, active, and adventurous. Gujarat is having different communities, such as Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Sikhism, etc. Different religions have different food, belief and lifestyle, tradition and god. Gujarat state is famous for various kind tourisms, such as A) Medical Tourism B) History and Heritage Tourism C) Cultural Tourism D) Business Tourism E) Recreational Tourism F) Spiritual Tourism In detail explanation A) Medical Tourism Medical tourism is a new force of the tourists, who visit abroad for their medication or medical treatment. For an example, dental treatment or surgeries are costly in the United Kingdome but it is very cheap in the India (also in Gujarat) so patient from UK travel to India for their dental medication or surgery is called medical tourism. In Gujarat there are number of hospitals with high tech equipment and numbers of medicines. There are two types of tourists leisure tourists, who travel abroad for their minor treatment that is part of their vacation and tourists travelling especially for their medical treatments. In compare to medical treatment in UK/USA/CANADA/New Zealand, cheaper medical treatment plus airfare, tourist can save excluding the visit cost and accommodation in Gujarat. B) History and Heritage Tourism Gujarat has world-class history and heritage, in previous time, Gujarat was ruled by many kings, they left something as memorable which is known as golden heritage. This historical heritage attracts not only to the national tourists but also tourists from different countries as well. Some of them are world famous tourists places such as Lothal an ancient port city of old age, existed near the river Sabarmati (Ahmedabad city). Dholavira Kutch is a small village, an archaeological site, situated in Kutch district of Gujarat which is surrounded by dessert of Kutch. This is a massive site, belongs to about 5000 years old Mohenjo-Daro Harappan Civilization. Another place is Champaner (The UNESCO -listed world heritage site) this is the one of the most remarkable archaeological site of the Gujarat with Hindu temples and step wells, existed nearby Pavagadh (about 70kms from Vadodara a metropolitan city). Rani-Ki-Vav (step well) was built in the 11th century, It was built by Queen Udyamat i as a memory of her husband King Bhimdev. It has seven galleries which are laid out in east-west direction. Steps corridors and wall-borders are carved with divine glory and deep understanding. That is established near Patan Taluka Mahesana district of Gujarat. These all sites are just examples of old age time and now they are under preservation because of famous historical tourists places. D) Business Tourism Gujarat earned name and fame in the world for its business sector. Many of them are in worlds top ten business, for example, diamond industries in the Surat city is the biggest diamond production hub of the world even though there is no any diamond mine found. Gujarat state has worlds 2nd largest grassroots refinery. Biggest cement productions plants, biggest denim production plants that is why Gujarat is known as the Manchester of the East and Denim city. One of the states of India produce and export cotton in largest amount, Gujarat is worlds 3rd largest denim producer. This state has fastest growth of economy, especially in the chemical sector; it has a complete portfolio of chemical products that includes petrochemical and downstream products, dyes and intermediates. Gujarat has also big name for the producing pharmaceuticals, this is the most developed and the same type competitive sector with about 3245 manufacturing license and 42% pharmaceutical turnover of the India and 22% of Indias export. Not only industries are increasing the economy of the Gujarat but the agriculture is supporting same type. Cotton, sugarcane, banana, onion, potatoes, groundnuts (peanuts), grains and beans are the main corps of Gujarat. There is a long queue of foreign investors to invest in the state, by that way Gujarat has been earning business tourism income, and expanding economy growth. C) Recreational Tourism Festival is the synonym of recreation, when Gujarat has numbers of festival. Fairs are organised during some festivals, and those fairs are most attraction of tourists. Many if fairs are famous in tourist list, namely Bhavnath Fair, Kavant Fair, the grant fair -Vautha, Shamlaji Fair, and Tarnetar Fair. During those fair there are various activities and competitions are organised. People get together at a place of fair and enjoy different food, shopping, rides and colours. Fairs are most famous among national and local tourists rather than foreigners. Except the fairs Gujarat state has wildlife and adventurous forests. Gujarat is 7.46% covered by forest, Gir (Junagadh District) is the most famous forest and the only home of Asiatic Lions, outside Africa this forest in Gujarat is only natural habitat of lions and hot spot of foreigner as well as national tourists. D) Spiritual Tourism Gujarat has several of devotional places which attract tourism. Most of them are Hindus holy places; they visit at least once in their lifetime. Their religious belief and devotional interest influence to the foreigners and mostly western people. It makes them to visit those holy places too. Dwarkashish temple at Dwarka, Dakor temple, Somnath, Gopnath, Ambaji, Girnar those are holy places for spiritual tourism. Conclusion Gujarat is the state of India, I can say, has numbers of tourists visit in a year. Except of the tourists places mostly the state is well known for the food, festivals, people their life style. Mainly foreign tourists influence by the state because of geographical location and having suitable atmosphere. Simple life style but high quality food influences them more to visit it often. Honesty, enthusiasm, calm and humbleness are the natural in the temperament of Gujarati people. Various type of tourism is involved in a same place that is the awesome thing in the Gujarat. This state has been changing to the infrastructure. Latest technologies and equipment keep the state update all the time. Most admiral thing is Gujarat state remain safe while facing many natural disasters. Even there is none any major damages or harm in the history of the state. Tourism is a very big developing sector of the Gujarat state. Longest coastline attracts to the foreigners, moreover cosmopolitan cities, long river banks, colourful festivals, food with novelty but unchanged culture, speedy-easy but cheapest transportation system those are all main sources for to has success and vibrant tourism spot. That is why Gujarat is called VIBRANT GUJARAT.

God Versus Man in Sophocles Antigone Essay example -- Antigone essays

God Versus Man in Antigone  Ã‚     Ã‚   Throughout Sophocles’ drama, Antigone, there are many themes that can be traced. One of the most predominant themes is god versus man, which appears not only in Antigone, but also in many of the classic Greek tragedies written in Sophocles’ time. Choragos:  There is no happiness where there is no wisdom;    No wisdom but in submission to the gods.    Big words are always punished,    And proud men in old age learn to be wise.   (158) The quotation above serves as the moral for this tragedy, which includes an illustration of the theme as it was applied to the play.   In the drama, Antigone, the theme of the inner struggle between allegiance to human law versus divine law can best be seen through Antigone’s reverence for the gods in relation to her actions, Kreon’s realization of the effects of his selfish pride, and the people of Thebes’ observations about Kreon’s decisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Antigone has the most direct struggles with human law and a higher law in the drama, for it is the application of this theme that decides her fate.   Faced with the decision to defy the King and properly bury her brother, Polyneices, or leave his body unprepared for death as Kreon wished, she chose to obey the wishes of the gods and bury him.   At the time of the drama, the Greeks believed that a decent burial was essential for the soul to be at rest.   Kreon accused Polyneices of fighting against his own country and forbade all citizens of Thebes to prepare his body.   Instead, it was left to decay on the field on which he was killed.   When Antigone first hears this news, she immediately reacts by telling her sister, Ismene, that she wants Polyneices’ soul to be at rest, and th... ...edited by Dudley, Lavinia P. et alii. New York:Americana Corporation, 1957. vol. 2. Segal, Charles Paul. â€Å"Sophocles’ Praise of Man and the Conflicts of the Antigone.† In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Sophocles. Antigone, Trans. by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald. Adventures in Appreciation/Pegasus Edition. Orlando: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Publishers, 1989. â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984. Woodard, Thomas. Introduction. In Sophocles: A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Watling, E. F.. Introduction. In Sophocles: The Theban Plays, translated by E. F. Watling. New York: Penguin Books, 1974.

Emile Durkheim’s Theory of Crime and Crime Causation Essay

Abstract The concept of â€Å"crime† has over the ages been subject to various definitions as the society tries to address it. Criminology is thus the study of crime and crime causation. It concerns itself with understanding the deep essence of crime as an act or omission, and all the reasons behind its occurrence. In this pursuit, criminology draws on various other fields such as sociology, biology, psychology, etc. This field of study is often argued to be a subdivision of sociology which the larger field since its main focus is grounded in social realities. Hence, during the twentieth century, the sociological approach to crime was the most influential, thus scholars such Emile DURKHEIM bought about considerable impact to the common perception of crime. He was a French sociologist who, viewing the whole society as a reality, perceived crime as a mere element of the society; a completely natural phenomenon and which serves certain significant functions. This work is therefore intended to, throughout a concise discussion, explicate and analyze the theory of crime and its causation as perceived by Emile Durkheim, mainly considering its natural and functional characteristics. †Emile DURKHEIM (1858-1971) viewed inequality as a natural and inevitable human condition that is not associated with social maladies such as crime unless there is also a breakdown of social norms or rules† Explain and Assess Durkheim’s theory on crime and crime causation. Introduction Criminology is understood to be the study of crime and crime causation as social phenomena; it thus concerns itself with the study of the causes of crime and the treatment of the offenders.1 In this pursuit, criminology, as a subdivision of sociology2, draws on many fields inter alia psychology, biology, anthropology, etc. In the twentieth century, the sociological approach to criminology became the most influential approach; this is basically the study of social behavior, systems, and structures. 3 Emile DURKHEIM, a French sociologist, is amongst the scholars who exerted great influence on criminology during that period. He, unlike other scholars, both in and outside the field of sociology, perceived criminal behaviors as normal part of all societies. No society, he argued, can ever have complete uniformity of moral consciousness4, and thus, there has always been some deviant characters from the commonly accepted moral values. This write-up is therefore intended to briefly explicate and analyze the theory on crime and its causation as observed by E. Durkheim. Scholars in almost all the fields (related to criminology in particular) before and after Durkheim have endeavored to find the cause for crimes. In this regard, they have attempted to find the causation of criminal behavior in different factors, including external factors such as in natural and supernatural forces,5 climate, economic conditions, density of population or  certain ecological areas.6 In contrast to all the above factors, Durkheim maintained that the only explanation in relation to crime causation is to be found in essentially looking into ‘the very nature of the society’.7 In this respect, he was convinced that the individual is rather ‘a product’ than an ‘author’ of the society; he is, otherwise, a small image of the world in which he lives, hence, the causation of his behaviors, be they criminal or not, could be found only by understanding the society in which he lives. For E. Durkheim, crime is therefore immanent in society an d results from social interaction. Simply put, criminality proceeds from nothing but the very nature of humanity itself and, far from being transcendent, it is immanent.8 In his writings, Durkheim emphasizes on the immanence of crime; its causation as solely based upon the material world. Rejecting all definitions of crimes, as per the commonsense of any society, as acts that are harmful to society, Durkheim observes that all crimes, as a common characteristic, consist in acts universally disapproved of by members of each society; they shock sentiments, which, for a given society, are found in all healthy consciences. 9 Put simply, a crime is a deviant behavior only because it goes against social norms. From this perspective, arguably, the French sociologist seems to In reference to the pre-classical school of criminology whereby crime causation was understood as based upon supernatural forces, i.e. forces beyond the natural or human capacities. Adopt the legal definition of crime, as any act that the law makes punishable.10 However, unlike the proponents of that legal definition, he hold the view that the said act punishable by the law serves a significant social function which is to support and reassure the same social norms or  laws of a society. From the above elements, one would deduce that according to this theory, a crime is, arguably, a paradoxical phenomenon. Durkheim, the theorist, suggests that a crime is normally caused by or results from social interactions, and it is not deviant per se unless so declared by the laws or social norms. This is arguably Durkheim’s eminence in the field of criminology which rests upon his broad approach to anti-social behavior.11 However, it will be worth remembering that Durkheim, after identifying the essence of crime and causation, he went further to attribute to this phenomenon a certain function. This is what makes him different from all the scholars in the field of criminology. He observed that, not only is crime something normal in societies, it also plays some significant function. The Normality and Functionality of Crime Unlike other social scientists before and after him, Durkheim maintains that criminality is Normal factor rather than a Pathological one.12 Especially in current societies, this might seem really strange. According to Durkheim, crime is normal because a society the society cannot get rid of it; it is utterly impossible for a society to exempt from criminality. He argues that it is a phenomenon, not due to any imperfection of human nature or society, but from the  normal course of affairs in that given society. Hence, it is the fundamental conditions of the social organization that logically imply it. Crime is hence all a part of the totality of a society. The criminal behavior is a behavior completely normal like any other and thus its complete eradication is quite impossible. Durkheim articulates; â€Å"A society exempt  from it (crime) would necessitate a standardization of the moral concepts of all individuals which is neither possible nor desirable.†14 From this contention, one would concur with Durkheim on the fact that a society cannot get ride with or completely eradicate criminality. The criminal justice system is well-set, not to completely eradicate criminality, but to try as much as they can to reduce its level. Furthermore, Durkheim was of the view that crime serves a non-negligible role within the society. The social function he attributes to crime is inextricably linked with the society’s legal system, in that it supports or reassures the social norms of the society by the fact that it is considered as going against the said norms.15 One of the main justifications for his belief is that the fact that crime is found in all society simply suggests that it must be performing some necessary functions; otherwise it would have degrading over the ages and by the end of the day, abolished in an advanced society. 16 One of the most effective and necessary functions, he argued, crime plays is ‘social change’.17 Crime could be considered as one of the effective sources of change in a society. This could be exemplified by, in line with his definition of crime, the events that happened in the United States with the Anti-miscegenation Laws that promoted racial segregation.18 These laws began being violated as the American society progressed, it reached a point where, in violation those laws (social norms), many people started having inter-racial relationships. To some extent, the violation of those social norms, which could be regarded as crime, brought about social change in the US. Durkheim further argues that without crime, there could be no evolution in law.19 For instance, every individual’s right to express himself should be guaranteed for any society to progress. Hence, the opportunity for a genius or an artist to carry out his work affords the criminal his originality at a lower level.20 Thus, there has to be a certain evolution of the laws in order to face such situation from time to time. He further drew some analogy to the trial of Socrates; â€Å"According to the Athenian Law, Socrates was a criminal, and his condemnation was more than just. However, his crime, namely, the independence of his thought, rendered a service both to his country and the humanity.†21 In terms of evolution of the laws, this trial that occurred in the ancient ages is significant. From the above contentions, one would thus say, that crime should no longer be conceived as an evil that cannot be repressed. It should be considered, instead, as a normal phenomenon which can be faced for purposes of reducing its rate in the society. Conclusion Crime, according to Durkheim, is a normal phenomenon in the society that at the same time serves certain social functions. This paper emphasized on the fact that, unlike other scholars in the field of criminology, Durkheim perceived crime in, arguably, a kind of paradoxical manner in the sense that he started by defining crime as being caused by social interactions. For him, it is an act caused by social interaction, which (act) is not a crime per se, but it one becomes after being so declared by the social norms. He however recognized the negative part of crime, anyway, by conceding that crime is an act that shocks sentiments, which, for a given society, are found in all healthy consciences. He finally suggests that, without condoning crime or presenting apology for it, crime must no longer be conceived as an evil that the society could be exempted from, but rather a reality that exists as part of the society to members of the society can react through punishment.22 Therefore, in stating that crime could be perceived as merely a normal and natural element, he conceived the whole society as reality which is meant to move and evolve. BIBLIOGRAPHY Black’s Law Dictionary; (8th Ed. 2004). West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. S.v. â€Å"Criminology.† Retrieved July 27 2014 from http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Criminology Durkheim, E. The Rules of Sociological Method, Edited by G. E. Gatlin, 1938. http://kpulawandsociety.wordpress.com/2012/10/18/durkheim-crime-serves-asocial-function/; Retrieved on July 27, 2014. Hamlin, J. The Normality of Crime. Durkheim and Erikson, Department of Sociology and Anthropology. UMD (2009). Walter A. Lunden; Pioneers in Criminology XVI–Emile Durkheim (1858-1917); Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. Vol. 49|Issue 1, Article II (1958). Prins, A., Criminalite et Repression, Bruxelles, 1886. http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/sociology/introduction-to-deviance/reviseit/deviance-durkheims-contribution. Retrieved on July 27, 2014.