Spectral Evidence and the Salem Witch Trials

Spectral Evidence and the Salem Witch Trials Spectral evidence was admitted in the Salem Witch trials, but condemned by many before and after as legally invalid.  Most of the convictions and executions were grounded in the testimony of spectral evidence. Spectral evidence is evidence-based on visions and dreams of the actions of a witchs spirit or specter. Thus, spectral evidence is  testimony about what an accused persons spirit did, rather than actions of the accused person in the body. In the Salem witch trials, spectral evidence was used as evidence in the courts, especially in the early trials.  If a witness could testify to seeing the spirit of someone and could testify to interacting with that spirit, perhaps even bargaining with that spirit, that was considered evidence that the person possessed had consented to the possession and thus was responsible. Example In the case of Bridget Bishop, she claimed  I am innocent to a Witch. I know not what a Witch is. when confronted with accusatory testimony of her appearing as a specter to abuse victims. Several men testified that she had visited them, in spectral form, in bed at night.  She was convicted on June 2 and hanged on June 10. Opposition Opposition by the contemporary clergy to the use of spectral evidence does not mean the clergy did not believe that specters were real.  They believed, rather, that the devil could use specters to possess and get them to act against their own will. That Satan possessed a person was not evidence that the person had consented. Increase Mather and Cotton Mather Weigh In At the beginning of the Salem witch trials, the Rev. Increase Mather, co-minister in Boston with his son Cotton Mather, had been in England, attempting to persuade the king to appoint a new governor. When he returned, the accusations, official investigations, and jailings in Salem Village and nearby were well underway.   Urged by other Boston-area ministers, Increase Mather wrote against the use of  spectral evidence, in  Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits Personating Men, Witchcrafts, Infallible Proofs of Guilt in such as are accused with that Crime. He argued that innocent people were charged. He trusted the judges, though he argued they should not use spectral evidence in their decisions. At the same time, his son Cotton Mather wrote a book supporting the proceedings,  Wonders of the Invisible World.  Cotton Mathers book actually appeared first. Increase  Mather added an approving introduction to his son’s book. Cotton Mather was not among the ministers who signed Increase Mathers book approvingly. Rev. Cotton Mather argued for the use of spectral evidence if it was  not the only evidence; he disagreed with the idea  of others that the Devil could not make an innocent persons  spirit act without their consent.   Cotton Mathers book was likely seen by the author as a counterbalance to his fathers book, not in actual opposition. Wonders of the Invisible World,  because it accepted that the devil was plotting in New England, was read by many as supporting the court, and the warnings against spectral evidence went largely unheeded. Governor Phips Halts the Executions When some witnesses accused the wife of the newly-arrived Governor William Phips, Mary Phips, of witchcraft, citing spectral evidence, the governor stepped in and stopped the further expansion of the witch trials. He declared that spectral evidence was not admissible evidence. He ended the power of the Court of Oyer and Terminer  to convict, prohibited arrests, and, over time, released all still in prison and jail.

Comparative commodity chain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparative commodity chain - Research Paper Example This paper provides a detailed descriptive account of the production of tomatoes as well as the similarities and differences between their production methods. Tomato farming in California is practiced by large farm owners who have perfected the art for many decades. They are grown in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. The fields are planted from late January through early June for continuous harvest (Dhama 115). California, according to the United States Department of Agriculture, accounts for 90% of the United States of Americas production and 23% of the worlds production. Tomato farming requires a warm season because the crop is sensitive to frost thus planting during the winter season is impossible. The optimal soil temperature is 68Â °F (20Â °C) or above. Fruit development and quality are severely reduced when the temperatures fall below 68Â °F during the day and 50Â °F at night. The five most common varieties grown in California are Heinz 9557, AB 2, Halley 3155, Heinz 9780, and Hypeel 303. Furrow irrigation is the most common method used with drip irrigation gaining acceptance. Fertilizer application varies for different types of tomatoes farming. The typical rate of application is 125-250 pounds of nitrogen (N) per acre, 40-120 pounds of P2O5 and 0-200 pounds of k2O per acre. Pest and weed management are also put into consideration. The tomatoes are mechanically harvested and loaded into tandem bulk trailers and transported to processing plants. They are then graded at the inspection station located in production areas. The Processing Tomato Advisory Board (PTAB) administers this statewide program. Defects level, fruit color, soluble solid content and pH are evaluated. After all the inspection they are then certified and transported to various stores around the country. The stores in Tucson along with other stores around the country, receive their fresh produce through refrigerated trucks. The intended users of the product are the household, res taurants, hotels, hospitals and also schools. Most households use tomatoes in their daily lunch and evening meals. It has added nutritional value especially when it's cooked. There are various ways of producing tomatoes. They include conventional, organic and hothouse or greenhouse methods. The two common ones are organic production and conventional method of production. Organic farming is a production system which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded pesticide and fertilizers (Bradley 414). Organic fertilizer and soil amendment such as compost and manure are derived from waste outputs generated by other systems. The raw materials for these inputs are assumed to enter the farming systems without any environmental burden. While manure is not further processed before application, compost is produced from organic waste using water and energy as additional inputs. The advantages of using this method are that the tomatoes have high antioxidants, environmentally friendly and the fruits contain iron, potassium and vitamin A. Conventional production of tomatoes entails the use of manufactured synthetic compounds (chemicals) to enhance the growth of the plant. Its advantage is that the chemicals are readily available rather than having to construct a compost. The government through the United States Department of Agriculture has provided guidelines for use when applying/dressing the plants with the approved chemicals. If

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

History - Essay Example w the nature of reality and truth (metaphysics); to understand how we know the things that we know (epistemology); the best way to live (ethics); the best way to govern (political philosophy); and the workings of the universe and the natural world (natural philosophy, or science). The Greeks were not the first civilization to wonder about these matters or to explore them, but they made answering these questions such a fundamental part of their cultural experience that they attained a very high level of intellectual advancement across all these areas. Their curiosity and experiments contributed to the development of Western civilization. Thornton is especially interested in the ways that the Greek civilization laid the foundation for modern day scientific and political thought. Scientifically, Greek philosophers laid the cornerstone for modern Western science. Long before the Manhattan Project and nuclear physics, the Greek philosopher Democritus argued that the world was made of tiny particles he called atoms. The Greeks were interested in what things were made of: A pencil was a pencil, but what was the pencil made of? Well, wood. And what was the wood made of? Though their answers weren’t always right, asking the questions was the most important step. And often, they were right: Anaximander theorized that the earth was round (basing this theory on the shadow it casts on the moon during an eclipse) centuries before Columbus sailed the ocean blue. The Greeks based their theories on a combination of scientific observation and rational thought, two things that form the basis of Western scientific innovation today. Most importantly, though, the Greeks gave Western science a passion for understanding the way that things work, and a willingness to make guesses and efforts in pursuit of that goal. The Western notion of government also owes much to the Greek model. Plato’s Republic outlines the model for a utopian society in which people are divided into groups

Issues of Healthcare Work and Safety for Employees

Issues of Healthcare Work and Safety for Employees Aims of this assignment are to give a clear understanding of the role of the healthcare assistant, regarding issues found in healthcare. To explain some of the causes, symptoms relating to the healthcare worker and safety and health in the workplace. The aims are also to give an incite to occupational illness and some preventive measures. Following the aims I will make some recommendations and improvements that can be make to improve the health and safety within the workplace. Upon finishing this assignment I will finish with an evaluation of my findings. Noise and Sound. Many health care assistants work in a noisy environment, radio, televisions clients (shouting, banging), phones ringing, bells, machines and trollies squeaking and creaking. The Hazard here results in a working environment that affects the health care assistants concentration, this in turn results increased work place injuries. Risk Hearing is affected for both the health care assistants and the clients, causing the clients to become agitated with the constant noise. Leaving clients and staff feeling agitated with one another. Control here would be to reduce the level of noise within the care environment. Special noise absorbing panels can be hung on walls to reduce the noise level. These panels were introduced into an Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Centre, (Georgia Tech Research Institute). Reducing the noise level within the home from 16 speakers to 1 speaker noise level. Also, helping the veterans to sleep better. Sometimes its a case of getting a hearing aid for a client. Stress never have enough time to carry out jobs. The Hazard here results in jobs rushed to get everything done. Stress is also caused by aggressive clients sometimes treats of violence or actual violence, bad management over worked staff not enough staff resources stretched, bullying due to a client demanding the care assistant do jobs there not supposed to do alone or another member of staff. Risk Lack of concentration, low appetite, tiredness, lack sleep from worrying about work, can cause bad concentration, mental health issues, absenteeism, no patience, snappiness, and physical issues. In severe cases the health care assistant might take their own life as seeing no way out. If its a case of bullying keep records and record findings. Control carry out a risk assessment on the working environment. Control the workload making sure its shared equally among staff. Improve staff working conditions. Ensure staff can voice their opinion to management without repercussions. Keep up to date with in house training. Introduce a wellbeing programme or mindfulness teaching staff how to unwind. Cater for the individual persons needs. As health care assistants, we should follow healthy lifestyles staying fit and active. Also, make sure you know your company policy and health and safety act 2005, know your rights. Dangerous Chemicals fumes and dust example cleaning. Hazard Health care assistant role also include using dangerous chemicals regarding fumes and dust particles in the atmosphere. Risk untrained staff and clients exposed to chemicals. Staff that havent taken part in induction training are at serious risk to burns, breathing difficulties, and in severe cases death. Clients that can gain access to these chemicals are also at risk. 1. Control Follow MSDS (material safety data sheets) if none are provided read instruction on chemicals never use chemicals /medicines unless instructions are provided. 2. No label dont use. 3. Keep chemicals in locked cabinets and locked rooms key pad rooms are better as staff arent running around looking for access. 4. Always use proper PPE equipment. 5. Use chemicals within a well-ventilated area. 6. Never hoover as this allows dust particles to move to other areas. 7. All staff need to be made aware of chemical training, chemical awareness should be rolled out to all staff especially when dealing with hazardous chemicals and waste. Hazard -Occupational related illness with a regard to a health care assistant. You should consider winter vomiting bug, pathogens or infectious diseases. Winter vomiting bugs are notorious in care facilities, hospitals this time of the year causing diarrhoea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, this in turn causes slips, trips and falls among those affected. Risk pathogens are micro-organisms. Manual Handling -Hazard Patient moving and handling. Uneven load lifeless loads, motionless clients who are bed ridden and cant assist in helping to move themselves. RISK Common cause of accidents is manual handling for the Health Care assistant. This in turn causes an impact on resources as many go out sick with injuries resulting from bad practices in manual handling. Some health care assistants can be bullied by clients into rushing not waiting for lifts, hoists or assistance from other staff members. Or shockingly some care facilities dont provide adequate hoists, lifts or staff training for certain areas or jobs. Control Avoid bad practices always refer to your training in good manual handling. Stay up to date on training keep yourself safe. Make sure client moving handling is carried out as safe as possible. Take all safety precautions lifts, two persons lift or as needed. Make sure lifting equipment are kept updated with maintenance and are checked regularly. Lighting in the area is good, considering clients abilities have them help as much as they can, this in turn helps them lifting their spirits. Footwear should be good quality good grips non-slip will help reduce slips, trips, falls. Occupational related illness Bullying. Causes of bullying can be anything from the colour of a persons hair, skin or that bully in this case I will refer to Ms. x. Ms x just had to look at me a certain way for me to know yes, its going to be a crap day. For me it was a case of too happy always smiling, friendly too helpful way too happy to be right in the head. Really my tormentor was going through a difficult time her mom had cancer. Symptoms include work going missing, taunts, called a bad mom for working, pestering, laughing when I fell over while being pushed from behind, telling lies about me to co-workers impacting how others treated me, people stopped talking for appro 8 months. Impact on the worker impact on me as a mom, daughter, sister, aunt, granddaughter, friend you start to question yourself blaming yourself that yes, I must deserve this or is there something wrong with me. My self-esteem was shot to bits I couldnt eat, sleep then Id have binges of food anything. As your always wrong in the bullys eyes you try to please people. Too happy, fat, skinny its a circle it escalated one day when she threw a fork into my face in the packed canteen, everyone just laughed or turned away trying to not make eye contact. I just walked out grabbed my car keys headed to wooded area with one thought in my mind I want the pain to end. I was a nervous wreck at this stage always ready to defend what I was doing. Things moved fast after these events, I fought to get placed on another shift. Bad news travels fast in factories with some effort on my new co-workers they saw through the crap and brought me out of my darkness. Preventive measures the wellbeing programme was introduced within the company. Work areas got split up no women on their own men were slipped into the mix. Private phone numbers were given out if you felt the need to talk (wellbeing) without everyone knowing what was going on. Confidentially line was set up if you felt you or someone you knew needed a chat, were being bullied. Talks were given on how to spot, stop things from going too far. Health and safety statement. Safety statement is a written document thats written into law. This document is a programme written to safe guard employees, visitors, workmen, and anyone that comes into the workplace environment. Safety statement is part of the Safety, Health and Welfare at work act 2005. Safety of employees. Workmen, visitors anyone visiting must be made aware of the Safety Statement. This document must ensure safety and health. Must adhere to the law and its standards. Must cover people, machinery, chemicals, and materials used. Covering work carried out.

Comparing T.S. Eliot and Charles Dickins :: essays papers

Comparing TS Eliot and Charles Dickins The poetry written by Thomas Stearns Eliot, Portrait of a Lady has a strong connection with the novel by Henry James. Both deal with almost the same issues. In the poem Eliot talks about how a person will live his or her life during the 19th century. How they would always do exactly what was considered right during that era in society. Eliot mention how rare and strange it is to find true friends. In the novel everyone pretend to be your best friend and was only using the person to benefit something for his or her own convections (Lozano, 2). You do not know how much they mean to me, My friends, and how, How rare and strange it is, to find In a life composed so much, So much of odds and ends (Eliot 19-21). Many people during the 19th century really made friends so that they can have more people coming to their tea parties, one of the things that are mention in the poem as well as in the novel (Lozano, 3). Isabel Archer was considered to be a very innocent lady; she was being taken advantage so that others can get what they wanted when all she wanted was a real friend. Madame Merle was a clever woman who used her to get money for her daughter (Henry, 181). Repeatedly saying in this poem that he will serve tea to his â€Å"friends†. He is saying that in this era there was no such thing as a real friend even though everyone wanted one of his or her own. For everybody said so, all our friends, They all were sure our feelings would relate So closely! I myself can hardly understand. We must leave it now to fate.

Time Of The Past

At the age of 25 I was one of the most treasured managers in a profitable company in my small village town. My repute had entangled the whole town and this is why everybody gazed at me every time I went down the streets doing my shopping like every body else. My life style was the most expensive you would envisage because every shoe and cloth I put on was imported.At this time I did not mind so much about the future since I was single and had no one to care for except my parents who needed little of my financial help because they were already well of. My lucrative job was something that I cherished so much that I devoted most of my time in ensuring that I remained the top performing manager in the company. As a result I had several opportunities of attending sponsored conferences not only in my country but also outside the country. I was far much ahead of many friends I learnt with, and this gave me every reason to celebrate my life and achievements.Due to this, I had no option but t o detach myself from many of my friends who would book appointments if they wanted to meet up with me. It seemed like the supply of riches by the creator had been directed towards my side because everything seemed elegant to me.The company had offered me with a number of company vehicles the rationale for which I have by no means been able to ascertain to this day. But I gape that the company was making super normal profits which made the president plan less and did not care about the unwarranted company expenditures. As a result, the company’s performance begun to dwindle but disproportionately to what the company gained at the end of the day.Little did any one of us notice that losing a single consumer was the commencement of a big down fall that awaited us. Decisions were made without a vision of expanding the operations of the company to make the company top its competitors. We thought that we had reached the sun only to comprehend later that we had not stepped in the moo n.What followed will always remain in my mind as the most downbeat and hardest part of my life to this day. My pay was reduced by half because the company begun making massive losses and most of our customers lost confidence in the company. My job remained at stake because the marketing department that I headed was the key in sourcing for customers who kept the company flying high but in contradiction they were leaving.After a short while a letter of termination of my services knocked on my door and since I didn’t have any share in the company I had no option but to relinquish my duties. Huge loans that I had obtained from different institutions became a major headache because I had no other source of income. Auctioneers became my regular visitors as they frequently knocked on my door to take whatever was equivalent to the debts I had.A few months that followed found me in the streets dining with people I had all along thought I would never brush shoulders with. This time it was more degrading because people either laughed or sympathized with my situation. To this day I live yearning for those days when I was the head of marketing department at Hill Cage Company.     

Pscyhology - 1772 Words

s paper one will discuss two myths from different cultures. The two myths chosen for this paper are the Genesis creation (Hebrew origin) of the Christian culture, and the Norse culture of Iceland (the Vikings). Both of these creation myths start with an emptiness where conflict and chaos eventually develop. The Genesis crearion is between God, nothing, blackness, emptiness, loneliness, and the need to create something. The Norse creation is between the dark cold realm of Niflheim, within the emptiness of Ginnungagap, and the fiery realm of Muspell, where nothing can grow. There are nine classifications of creation myths, which most include more than one motif. The Genesis cosmogonies applies both ex nihilo, and deus faber motifs. The†¦show more content†¦Day five, God created every living creature of the seas and every winged bird, blessing them to multiply and fill the waters and the sky with life (Fairchild, 2013, para. 6). Day six, God created the animals to fill the ea rth (Fairchild, 2013, para. 7). Then God created man in his own image, both male and female, and instructed them to multiply and replenish the earth (Genesis 1: 27-28). He made them rulers over the earth to cultivate and care for it, and every living thing upon the earth (Genesis 1: 28). On day seven, God said his work was done, so he blessed the seventh day, making it a day of rest. The Norse creation myth does not have one maker of good, but many events and elements that emerge from one evil giant. In this story a cow slowly licks away mountains of ice from two beings, creating the god Buri and his goddess wife (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). They had a son named Bor, and his son was named Odin, who became the king of all the gods (Distant Train, Inc., 2011, para. 6). Ymir was an evil, brutal, and cruel giant. One day Odin and the other gods plotted to kill Ymir because they could no longer follow his evil ways. Ymirs body became the earth, his flesh became the land, his blood became the sea, his hair became the trees, and his bones became the mountains (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). Odin and the other gods created the sky from Ymirs skull, which was held up by four pillars (Distant Train, Inc., 2011). Odin created the moon and the sun byShow MoreRelatedInformed Consent in Counseling785 Words   |  3 Pages References Appendix 1: Ethical Principles for Conducting Research with Human Participants. (2013). http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/DeafStudiesTeaching/dissert/BPS%20Ethical%20Guidelines.htm Plous, S. (2013). Tips on informed consent. Social PScyhology Network. Retrieved: http://www.socialpsychology.org/consent.htm Walsh, Robert J. Dasenbrook, Norman C. (2013). Implementing informed consent. American Counseling Association. Retreved: http://www.wvbec.org/images/Implementing_Informed_ConsentRead MoreSymptoms and Effects of Primary Insomnia Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesInoue, Y. (2011). 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